Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown?

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Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? • How would you define a

Key Result i: Why Exercise Services Cluster Downtown? • How would you define a 'service'?

Services: Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to

Services: Any action that fulfills a human being want or need and returns money to those who provide it • Services are located in settlements (Permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services) – Location of services is of import for profitability – Affluent regions tend to offer more than services (and different types)- Can you retrieve of examples?

Services & your family… • List the services that your parents or family provide

Services & your family… • List the services that your parents or family provide for y'all on a given day: Now how much would these same services price y'all if yous had to pay for them?

Potential services in my day: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9.

Potential services in my solar day: 1. 2. iii. iv. v. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. Gas for machine Education from my professor Use of the highway to get to work Reading of a textbook someone printed Java at Starbucks How many of these Telephone alarm to wake upwardly services would be Cable TV available to y'all if you Cell phone lived in an LDC? Taking daughter to the doc Take-out nutrient Going to the bathroom Putting out garbage Taking a shower

Where Did Services Originate? • 3 types of services: 1. Consumer services: provided to

Where Did Services Originate? • iii types of services: 1. Consumer services: provided to individuals (44% of all U. Due south. jobs) 2. Business concern services (facilitate other businesses): 3 types - fiscal, professional, and transportation & information services (24% of all U. S. jobs) 3. Public services: provide security and protection for citizens and businesses (17% of U. S. jobs) – In the United States, all employment growth has occurred in the services sector

Employment Change in the United States by Sector: All growth since 1970 has been

Employment Change in the United States past Sector: All growth since 1970 has been in the third sector. Employment in primary & secondary has not inverse

1. For what kind of services would you be willing to travel farther? 2.

i. For what kind of services would you be willing to travel further? 2. What kind of services would you non travel very far for? 3. Why?

How far would you travel for…

How far would you lot travel for…

Range & Threshold: • Threshold: Minimum market (# of people) needed to bring a

Range & Threshold: • Threshold: Minimum market (# of people) needed to bring a business firm or urban center selling goods and services into existence and to keep information technology in business concern • Factors affecting a fall in the threshold population are – A decrease in population – Change in tastes – Introduction of substitutes • Range: The average maximum distance people are willing to travel to purchase appurtenances and services

Key Issue 1: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? • CBD land uses: – Retail

Key Issue ane: Why Do Services Cluster Downtown? • CBD land uses: – Retail services in the CBD: • Retailers with a high threshold • Retailers with a loftier range • Retailers serving downtown workers – Business services in the CBD

Wroclaw, Poland:

• Competition for land in the CBD: – High land costs: • Some

• Competition for land in the CBD: – High land costs: • Some of the most expensive existent manor in the world (e. g. -Tokyo) - little available • Intensive land use – Underground networks beneath cities (multistory parking garages, loading docks, utility lines for phones, water, etc, and subways. • Skyscrapers – "Vertical geography", more economically feasible. Each metropolis has unique downtown skyline. Starting time built in Chicago in 1880's

"Vertical Geography" • The nature of an activity influences which flooring it occupies in a skyscraper: ane. Retailers (street level) two. Professional offices (middle levels) 3. Apartments (lower noise, panoramic views)

• Activities excluded from the CBD: – Lack of industry in the CBD

• Activities excluded from the CBD: – Lack of industry in the CBD • Modernistic factories require big, one-story parcels of land - suitable country typically in suburbs – Lack of residents in the CBD • Button and pull factors involved - pulled to suburbs by larger homes with individual yards/schools, pushed from CBD'southward by high rents and negatives of metropolis life (crime, poverty, congestion) • CBDs outside North America – Less dominated by commercial considerations - churches royal palaces, and parks – More than people alive downtown

European City Patterns: • Complex street patterns - prior to automobile, weird angles •

European Urban center Patterns: • Complex street patterns - prior to machine, weird angles • Plazas and Squares - from Greek, Roman, Medieval • Low skylines - many built before elevators, others required cathedral or monument to be highest construction • Lively downtowns - center of social life, not just office work • Neighborhood stability - Europeans moved less frequently than we do. • Scars of State of war - many wars , many cities originally defensive • Symbolism - gothic cathedrals, palaces, and castles • Municipal Socialism - many residents live in buildings that are owned by metropolis government. Some of these are massive housing projects, others small scale flat buildings.